MAKALAH
TENTANG EKONOMI, MENCAKUP DEFINISI, MASALAH EKONOMI DAN SISTEM PEREKONOMIAN
FOREWORD
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim
Alhamdulillhahirabil'alamin, praise and thanksgiving presence of GOD Almighty., As the creator of all life that we see, we hear and taste that always give grace, guidance and aid him so that authors can accomplish the task of this paper currency. Shalawat and greetings may remain devoted to the great Prophet Muhammad and his family, friends, and his followers who remained yaumil istiqomah until the end.
Thanks and deep gratitude, the authors convey to the teacher and my friends who have supported and helped me to complete this task.
On this occasion, the authors also want to thank you with a sincere heart to all those who have assisted in the completion of this paper is that God always responded with a double kindness.
The author realizes that the preparation of this paper is far from perfect, therefore the author expects criticism and constructive suggestions from all parties to the improvement in the future. Finally, hopefully the good deeds that have been granted by all parties to the author, received the due penalty of Allah SWT. Hope the author of this paper may be beneficial to all parties.
Cianjur, November 7, 2011
Wasalam
author
CHAPTER I
1.1. INTRODUCTION
In general, subjects in the economy can be divided in several ways, most notably the microeconomics vs. macroeconomics. In addition, the economic subjects can also be divided into positive (descriptive) vs. normative, mainstream vs. heterodox, and others. Economics also functioned as an applied science in family management, business, and government. Economic theory can also be used in fields other than monetary, such as criminal behavior research, scientific research, death, politics, health, education, family and others. This is possible because the economy is basically like those mentioned above is the study of human choice.
This paper aims to fulfill one eye pelajan english and know the basics of economics and the economics underlying problems.
Hopefully this paper can be useful as a literature review of information or material to know the basics of economics in a nutshell. This paper also can be used to add to our repertoire of knowledge in basic knowledge of economics and the basis for the development of other economic materials.
BAB. II
2.1. DISCUSSION
2.1.1. Definitions and Methodology of Economics
Economics is the science which studies human behavior in selecting and creating prosperity. The core economic problem is the imbalance between human needs are not limited to the means of satisfying the needs of a limited number. The problem was then led to scarcity (scarcity).
The word "economy" itself comes from the Greek word (oikos), which means "family, household," and (nomos), or "regulations, rules, laws," and broadly defined as "household rules" or "household management . "While the economy is an expert or economist is a person using economic concepts and data in the work.
In general, subjects in the economy can be divided in several ways, most notably the microeconomics vs. macroeconomics. In addition, the economic subjects can also be divided into positive (descriptive) vs. normative, mainstream vs. heterodox, and others. Economics also functioned as an applied science in family management, business, and government. Economic theory can also be used in fields other than monetary, such as criminal behavior research, scientific research, death, politics, health, education, family and others. This is possible because the dasarnyaekonomi as mentioned above is the study of human choice.
There is an increasing trend to apply the ideas and methods of economics in a broader context. The focus of economic analysis is "making decisions" in many areas where people faced at the choices. such as education, marriage, health, law, crime, war, and religion. Gary Beckerdari University of Chicago is a pioneer of this trend. In his articles he explained that the economy should not be confirmed by the subject matter, but it should be emphasized as an approach to explaining human behavior. This opinion is sometimes described as economic imperialism by some critics.
Many mainstream economists feel that the combination of theory with existing data is sufficient to make us understand the phenomena that exist in the world. Economics will undergo major changes in ideas, concepts, and methods; although in the opinion of critics, sometimes even destroying the concept of change is correct so it does not correspond to reality. This raises the question "what should be done, the economists? "The traditional Chicago School, with its emphasis on economics being an empirical science aimed at Explaining real-world phenomena, has insisted on the powerfulness of price theory as the tool of analysis. On the other hand, some economic theorists have formed the view That a consistent economic theory may be useful even if at present no real-world economy bears out its prediction.
a. The history of development economics
Adam Smith is often referred to as the first development economics in the 18th century as a separate branch of science. Through his great work Wealth of Nations, Smith tried to find out the history of the countries in Europe. As an economist, Smith has not forgotten the roots of morality, especially that contained in The Theory of Moral Sentiments. The development history of economic thought and then went on to produce such figures as Alfred Marshall, JM Keynes, Karl Marx, to the winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2006, Edmund Phelps.
Broadly speaking, the development of schools of thought in economics preceded by the so-called classical flow. The flow is mainly pioneered by Adam Smith highlights the invisible hand in regulating the distribution of resources, and therefore the role of government to be very limited because it would interfere with this process. Invisble hand concept is then represented as the market through the price mechanism as its main instrument.
Classical flow experienced failure after the Great Depression of the 1930s which showed that the market is not able to react to the turmoil in the stock market. As penanding classical flow, Keynes proposed the theory in his book General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Moneyyang stated that the market is not always able to create a balance, and therefore government intervention should be done so that the distribution of resources to achieve goals. Two streams are then exchanged "fight" in the world ilmuekonomi and produced many variants of them such as: new classical, neo classical, new Keynesian, monetarist, and so forth.
However, developments in thinking has also evolved into other directions, such as class conflict theory of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, as well as institutional flow that was first developed by Thorstein Veblen et al and later by Nobel laureates Douglass C. North.
1. Methodology
Often referred to as the queen of social sciences, economics has developed a series of quantitative methods to analyze economic phenomena. January Tinbergen in the aftermath of World War II is one of the major pioneers of econometrics science, which combines mathematics, statistics and economic theory. Another stronghold of quantitative methods in economics is a General Equilibrium Model (general equilibrium), which uses the concept of the flow of money in society, from one economic agent to another agent. Two quantitative methods are then developed rapidly until almost all the economic papers are now using one of the two in his analysis. On the other hand, qualitative methods as well as the development is mainly driven by the limitations of quantitative methods in explaining the behavior of volatile agents.
2.1.2. Main Issues and Economic Effects Price Mechanism
Principal economic problem faced by every society, namely the problem of scarcity or shortage. Based on the description of the basic economic problem will be formulated definition of economics.
a. Economic Problems and Needs to Make a Choice
In the everyday life of individuals, companies and society as a whole will always face the problems of economic nature ... "What is meant by economic activity?"
Economic activity can be defined as an activity a person or a company or a society to produce and consume goods and services (uses) goods and services.
1). Problem of scarcity or lack valid as a result of an imbalance between the needs of people with the factors of production are available in the community. Factors of production that can be used to produce these goods is relatively limited. Therefore people can not obtain and enjoy all the goods they need or want. They need to create and make choices.
What is meant by community needs is people's desire to consume goods and services. Most of these goods and services overseas diimportdari. But mostly produced in the country. The desire to acquire goods and services can be differentiated on two forms:
a. The desire is accompanied by the ability to buy
The desire is accompanied with the ability to buy the so-called effective demand. Based on the item of interest in human life. The goods were differentiated to inferior goods (eg, salted fish and cassava), essential goods (eg rice, sugar and coffee), normal goods (eg clothes and books) and luxury goods (eg cars and gold). Based on how the use of such goods by the community. The goods are divided into private goods (eg food, clothing and cars) and public goods (eg roads, traffic lights and the lighthouse).
2) The desire that is not accompanied by the ability to buy.
a. Factors of production
The second economic problem is what is consumed and by whom. What are consumed by the public distinguished by a factor of production-faltor. What is meant by the factors of production are the objects that are provided by nature or created by humans that can be used to produce goods and services. Production factors are available in the economy divided to four types, namely:
1. Land and natural resources, produsi factor is provided by nature. Factors of production include land, minerals, forest products and natural resources that can be used as capital such as water dammed for irrigation or for power generation.
2. Labor, production factors are not only contained the number of workers in the economy. Understanding workforce includes expertise and skills. In terms of workforce skills and education can be divided into three categories, namely: unskilled workers, skilled labor and educated workforce.
3. Capital, the factors of production constitutes the objects created by humans and used to produce goods and services required.
4, Expertise keusahawanan, factors of production is in the form of expertise and the ability of employers to establish and develop various business activities. Kealian keusahawanan proficiency include organizing three sources or factors of production effectively and efficiently so successful and growing business and can provide goods and services to the community.
3). Unemployment and Inflation Rate
In his book, Samuelson Nordhaus wrote the main fundamentals of an economy. According to Samuelson, Economics is the study of how societies choose to use a limited production resources that have alternative uses, to produce various kinds of commodities, and distribute it to other groups.
Goods is limited because people have a desire (desire) is greater than what can be produced by an economic process. Economic objects is limited, so people have to use and choose among the items of a limited number so they can be produced with existing resources.
Production efficiency occurs when all available resources have done Seara maximum production that can not be increased further without compromising / reducing the production of other goods. If too much unemployment, then there is the inefficiency of human resources in the chart so that the economy is in the PPF (production-possibility frontier).
C. Economic System
1). Traditional Systems
Traditional economic system is a system in which behavior is based primarily on the traditions, customs, and habits. There was little change in the pattern of goods produced from year to year, other than those caused by the peculiar nature. Production techniques also followed the traditional pattern except when there are new discoveries effect that occurs once in a while. Akhirmya production is allocated among the members according to long-standing tradition.
Economic system such as this best in an environment that does not change. In the static condition of a system that does not constantly require people to make choices can be shown to be effective in meeting the economic and social needs.
2). Guided Systems
In the system of guided, economic behavior is determined by a kind of central authority that takes most of the necessary decisions about what gets produced, how it is produced, and who gets it. This economy is characterized by centralized decision-making. To protect the economic actors of this system can be used to determine economic policy. An example is in determines the price increase of electricity and fuel oil and gas. The government should establish how much kanaikan price so that the needs of natural resources and the production can still be met.
3). Market System
In this economic system of resource allocation decisions are made without any direction on the allocation of the center. The decision is the result of independent decisions made by individual producers and consumers. Such systems are known as free market economic system, or simply known as a market economy. In an economy like this decision berhubngan premises decentralized basic economic issues but still coordinated. The main coordination tool is the market price set by the market. That's why the free market system is often called the price system, ie an increase or decrease the price is determined by the balance between demand and supply in the market.
4). Mixed Systems
Economic system that is fully traditional or fully controlled centrally or completely free market is a pure types that are useful for studying the basic principles. But when we consider in detail the system's real economy is everywhere. We mendaparkan that economic behavior is the result of such a mix of central control and determination of the market with a certain number of traditional behavior as well. In practice all of the economic system is a mixed economy, in this system combines the three previous systems in determining economic behavior.
BAB. III
CONCLUSION
Economy comes from the Greek word (oikos), which means "family, household," and (nomos), or "regulations, rules, laws," and broadly defined as "household rules" or "household management." While is an economic expert or economist is a person using economic concepts and data in the work.
According to Samuelson, Economics is the study of how societies choose to use a limited production resources that have alternative uses, to produce various kinds of commodities, and distribute it to other groups.
Goods is limited because people have a desire (desire) is greater than what can be produced by an economic process. Economic objects is limited, so people have to use and choose among the items of a limited number so they can be produced with existing resources.
Production efficiency occurs when all available resources have done Seara maximum production that can not be increased further without compromising / reducing the production of other goods. If too much unemployment, then there is the inefficiency of human resources in the chart so that the economy is in the PPF (production-possibility frontier).
There are 4 economic system is, the traditional economy, guided, market, and mixed economy. For the current mixed system of most countries where there is a mix between the three existing systems.
REFERENCES
Rides, Jake and Kirbrandoko, 1995, Introduction to Micro-Economics Volume I, First printing translations, Binarupa script, Jakarta
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/productionpossibilityfrontier.asp
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